Steven Spielberg's Lincoln - Study Guide We enthusiastically recommend the new motion picture, Lincoln, directed by Steven Spielberg. The film-making is suburb with great direction by Spielberg and Academy-award worthy performances from Daniel Day-Lewis as Abraham Lincoln, Sally Field as Mary Todd Lincoln, and Tommy Lee Jones as Republican Representative Thaddeus Stevens. The film is based on Doris Kearns Goodwin's biography of Lincoln, Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln. The movie concerns efforts made by the Lincoln Administration to gather enough votes in the House of Representatives to pass the resolution on the 13th Amendment abolishing slavery. The resolution has already been approved by the Senate, but must be approved by the House before it can be presented to the States for ratification.
The back-room campaign to gain votes from the Northern War Democrat minority becomes the focus of this political thriller. Unfortunately, the viewer may not get the full appreciation of the movie without a guide and identification. The following guide is offered in the hope of clarifying the events and characters and thus increasing the understanding if the drama. The Story The story begins in January 1865. Lincoln has just defeated George B. McClellan in the November 1864 election.
Lincoln did felt he had little chance of being re-elected. Confederate forces had triumphed at the, the, and the. In addition, the war was continuing to take a very high toll. The prospect of a long and bloody war started to make the idea of 'peace at all cost' offered by the look more desirable. Because of this, McClellan was thought to be a heavy favorite to win the election. The Copperheads were Northern Democrats who opposed the War and wanted an immediate peace with the Confederates.
Republicans started calling antiwar Democrats 'Copperheads', likening them to the venomous snake. The Peace Democrats accepted the label, but for them the copper 'head' was the likeness of Liberty, which they cut from copper pennies and proudly wore as badges. Lincoln won the election with 55% of the popular vote and 212 electoral votes (117 needed to win). Lincoln viewed the victory as a mandate by the country to defeat the Rebels. In December 14, 1863, a bill to support an amendment to abolish slavery throughout the entire United States was introduced by Representative ( Republican, Ohio).
This was soon followed by a similar proposal made by Representative (Republican, Iowa). Eventually the Congress and the public began to take notice and a number of additional legislative proposals were brought forward. On January 11, 1864, of Missouri submitted a joint resolution for a constitutional amendment abolishing slavery. The abolition of slavery had historically been associated with Republicans, but Henderson was one of the.
The Senate Judiciary Committee, chaired by (Republican, Illinois), became involved in merging different proposals for an amendment. On February 8, 1864, Senator ( Radical Republican, Massachusetts), submitted a constitutional amendment to abolish slavery as well as guarantee equality. As the number of proposals and the extent of their scope began to grow, the Senate Judiciary Committee presented the Senate with an amendment proposal combining the drafts of Ashley, Wilson and Henderson. The Senate passed the resolution on April 8, 1864, by a vote of 38 to 6. However, the House rejected the proposal.
After it was reintroduced by Representative Ashley, President Lincoln took an active role in working for its passage through the House by ensuring the amendment was added to the Republican Party platform for the upcoming Presidential elections. Lincoln also viewed his victory as approval for the party plank to abolish slavery. He had to act fast to get the House to ratify the 13th Amendment resolution.
The Emancipation Proclamation, which 'freed' slaves in those parts of Confederate states not under control by the Union was passed as a military measure based on Lincoln's war powers. When the war ended, the legality of slavery would return to the states. While most Republicans would vote for the measure, it would not pass unless the Administration could convince some War Democrats to join them. Lincoln and Seward's task was very complicated. There were many competing factions within both parties. The Democrats were represented by (The War Democrats demanded a more aggressive policy toward the Confederacy) and Peace Democrats or (The Copperheads opposed the war and wanted an immediate peace settlement with the Confederates. Republicans started calling antiwar Democrats 'Copperheads', likening them to the venomous snake.
The Peace Democrats accepted the label, but for them the copper 'head' was the likeness of Liberty, which they cut from copper pennies and proudly wore as badges.) The Republicans were likewise divided into the (Republicans who were opposed to Slave power in the South and wanted the Rebels punished after the war. Lincoln's cabinet was composed of Radicals like Secretary of the Treasury, Attorney General and Secretary of War.) Another political faction was the Unconditional Union Party which supported the preservation of the at all costs. Members included who were loyal to the Union, as well as elements of the old and other factions opposed to a separate Southern Confederacy. The obvious targets for persuasion were the those Democrats who would soon be out of office. These lame-duck legislators quickly became candidates for Lincoln's campaign. He reasoned that the defeated candidates had no reason to be loyal to the desires of their constituency or their wing of the party. Under the supervision of Secretary of State, h e initiated a campaign to win their votes by granting patronage positions in the Lincoln government.
Lincoln refused to use more obvious bribes such as money. The House of Representatives finally passed the 13th Amendment on January 31, 1865, by a vote of 119 to 56. On February 1, 1865, President Lincoln signed a Joint Resolution submitting the proposed 13th Amendment to the states.
See John Nicolay telegram to Lincoln - click on image to enlarge The Thirteenth Amendment outlawed slavery and gave Congress the power to enforce the Amendment: Section 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. See for an explanation of the amendment. See resolution with Lincoln's signature - click on image to enlarge After the resolution was passed, Lincoln and Seward met with Vice President, Senator, and Assistant Secretary of War representing the Confederate States of America. The Hampton Roads Conference was held on February 3, 1865, near Fort Monroe in Newport News, Virginia, aboard the. The conference lasted for four hours, but no agreements were produced.
President Lincoln dominated the proceedings. The three men who represented the Confederacy made little or no impression on those who represented the Union, and were not authorized to accept any offer other than independence. The Confederate commissioners immediately returned to Richmond at the conclusion of the conference. The war was to continue. The People. as President.
as First Lady. Mary Lincoln suffered from severe headaches, described as migraines, throughout her adult life as well as protracted depression. During her White House years, she also suffered a head injury in a carriage accident, after which her headaches seemed to become more frequent. A history of mood swings, fierce temper, public outbursts throughout Lincoln's presidency, as well as excessive spending, has led some historians and psychologists to speculate that Mary suffered from bipolar disorder. as Secretary of State. According to John Hay, 'The history of governments affords few instances of an official connection hallowed by a friendship so absolute and sincere as that which existed between these two magnanimous spirits', namely Seward and Lincoln. as Lincoln's oldest son,.
Robert Lincoln had recently left his studies at Harvard Law School and was newly named a Union Army captain and personal attendant to General Grant. He returned to the White House on April 14, 1865 to visit his family. His father was assassinated that night.
as Democratic Party operative William N. Bilbo had been imprisoned but was freed by Lincoln, and then lobbied for passage of the Thirteenth Amendment. as Blair was an influential Republican politician who tried to arrange a peace agreement. Francis Blair was father of, a member of President Lincoln's cabinet.
The elder Blair took it upon himself to advise Lincoln. On April 17, 1861, just three days after the surrender of Fort Sumter, Lincoln asked Francis Blair to convey his offer to Colonel to command the Union Army. The next day, Lee visited Blair across Lafayette Square from the White House. Lee blunted Blair’s offer of the Union command by saying: “Mr. Blair, I look upon secession as anarchy. If I owned the four millions of slaves at the South, I would sacrifice them all to the Union; but how can I draw my sword upon Virginia, my native State?” After Lincoln's re-election in 1864 Blair thought that his former close personal relations with the Confederate leaders might aid in bringing about a cessation of hostilities, and with Lincoln's consent went unofficially to Richmond and induced President to appoint commissioners to confer with representatives of the United States. This resulted in the futile ' of February 3, 1865.
After the Civil War Blair became a detractor of President 's reconstruction policy, and eventually rejoined the Democratic Party. as Radical Republican Congressional leader. A fervent abolitionist, Stevens feared that Lincoln would 'turn his back on emancipation.' Stevens 'excoriated him on the floor of the House' for meeting with a Confederate peace delegation. as Colonel. Latham founded in 1865. Latham was later promoted to colonel before being elected an to the House of Representatives in 1864, serving from 1865 to 1867.
as Confederate States Vice President. Stephens had served with Lincoln in Congress from 1847 to 1849. He met with Abraham Lincoln on the steamboat at the unsuccessful on February 3, 1865. Stephens served as a Representative from Georgia (both before the Civil War and after Reconstruction) and as the 50th Governor of Georgia from 1882 until his death in 1883. as Secretary of War.
Stanton oversaw the conduct of the war and was in charge of the investigation of the Lincoln assassination plot. Schell was politician who later represented New York in the House of Representatives from 1874-1875. Hay was assistant and secretary to Abraham Lincoln. Nicolay and Hay collaborated on the official biography of the 16th President. (See John Nicolay below). as Lieutenant General.
Commanded the Union Army from March 1864 and directed the strategy that led to Union Victory. Grant conducted a tenacious and bloody campaign against that eventually forced the Army of Northern Virginia to surrender. as Democratic Congressman. A former Mayor of New York City, Wood became a Democratic Congressman sympathetic to the Confederacy. Fernando Wood served a second mayoral term in 1860-1862.
Wood was one of many New York Democrats sympathetic to the Confederacy. During his second mayoral term in January 1861, Wood suggested to the New York City Council that New York secede and declare itself a free city, to continue its profitable cotton trade with the Confederacy. Subsequent to serving his second mayoral term, Wood served again in the House of Representatives from 1863 to 1865, then again from 1867 until his death in Hot Springs, Arkansas. as Ohio representative.
Pendleton was a leader of the peace faction of the Democratic party. He voted against the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which outlawed slavery and involuntary servitude. He ran in the 1864 U.S. Presidential elections for Vice President, together with George McClellan. as Tad was 12 years old, and toured Richmond, Virginia, with his father.
Thomas 'Tad' Lincoln (April 4, 1853 – July 15, 1871) was the fourth and youngest son of Abraham and Mary Lincoln. The nickname 'Tad' was given to him by his father who found Thomas 'as wriggly as a tadpole' when he was a baby. Tad was known to be impulsive and unrestrained, and did not attend school. He had free run of the White House, and there are stories of him interrupting Presidential meetings, collecting animals, and charging visitors to see his father. Tad outlived his father, but died of heart failure at the age of 18 on July 15, 1871, in Chicago. Keckley was a former slave who was dressmaker and confidant to Mary Todd Lincoln. Keckley published Behind the Scenes, or, Thirty Years a Slave, and Four Years in the White House.
She had been born into slavery, purchased her freedom and that of her son, and become a successful businesswoman in Washington, DC. Although this book provides valuable insight into the character and life of Mary Todd Lincoln, at the time the former First Lady (and much of the public and press) regarded it as a breach of friendship and confidentiality. Keckley was widely criticized for her book, especially as her editor had published letters from Mary Lincoln to her. Nicolay was secretary to Abraham Lincoln. In 1861, Lincoln appointed Nicolay to be his private secretary, which was the first official act of his new administration. Nicolay served in this capacity until Lincoln's death in 1865. Nicolay and, who had worked alongside Nicolay as assistant secretary to Lincoln, collaborated on the official biography of the 16th President.
It appeared in serially from 1886 to 1890 and was then issued (1890–94) in book form as ten volumes, together with the two-volume Complete Works of Abraham Lincoln. The resulting biography is a definitive resource on Lincoln and his times. Nicolay and Hay also edited Lincoln's Works in twelve volumes (1905).
Finally, Personal Traits of Abraham Lincoln was published by Helen Nicolay in 1912. Boris McGiver as. Alexander Hamilton Coffroth was a Democratic member of the House of Representatives from Pennsylvania. He supported the passage of the Thirteenth Amendment. as.
James Ashley was an active abolitionist who traveled with 's widow on the date of Brown's execution and reported the event in the newspaper. In 1858, he was elected to House of Representatives as a Republican. He served as the chairman to the Committee on Territories. He took an active role in supporting the recruitment of troops for the Union Army during the war.During his term, he wrote a bill to abolish slavery in the District of Columbia, introduced the first bill for a constitutional amendment abolishing slavery, and initiated impeachment proceedings against President in 1867. He was defeated for re-election in 1868. as Democratic Congressman Hutchins broke with his party to cast a decisive vote in favor of the Thirteenth Amendment. as William Hutton.
as Ira Clark. Byron Jennings as. Blair was the son of Francis Preston Blair, was the former Postmaster-General and was a political opponent of the.
In 1860 Blair took an active part in the Lincoln's presidential campaign. After his election, Lincoln invited Blair to be part of his cabinet as Postmaster-General.
Lincoln expected Blair, who advocated taking a firm stance with the southern states, to help balance more conciliatory members of his cabinet. Blair served as Postmaster-General from 1861 until September 1864, when Lincoln accepted an earlier offer by Blair to resign. Lincoln's action may have been a response to the hostility of the faction, who stipulated that Blair's retirement should follow the withdrawal of 's name as a candidate for the presidential nomination in that year. Regarding Lincoln's action, Blair told his wife that the president had acted 'from the best motives' and that 'it is for the best all around.' After he left the cabinet, Blair still campaigned for Lincoln's re-election and Lincoln and the Blair family retained close ties. Lee was the daughter of Francis Preston Blair, and wrote hundreds of letters documenting events during the Civil War.
Richard Topol as. Speed was United States Attorney General and brother of, Lincoln's oldest personal friend. In December 1864, Lincoln appointed Speed Attorney General. After the assassination of Lincoln he became associated with the and advocated the vote for male African Americans. Disillusioned with the increasingly conservative policies of President, Speed resigned from the Cabinet in July 1866 and resumed the practice of law.
as Usher was the Secretary of the Interior in Lincoln's cabinet. as Senator. Wade was highly critical of Lincoln; in a September 1861 letter, he privately wrote that Lincoln's views on slavery 'could only come of one born of poor white trash and educated in a slave State.' He was especially angry when Lincoln was slow to recruit African-Americans into the armies, and actively advocated for the bill that abolished slavery and had a direct hand in the passing of the of 1862 and the Morrill Land Grand Act of 1862. Wade was also critical of Lincoln's Plan; in December 1863, he and sponsored a bill that would run the South, when conquered, their way. The mandated that there be a fifty-percent White male Iron-Clad Loyalty Oath, Black male suffrage, and Military Governors that were to be confirmed by the U.S. It passed in the lower chamber on May 4, 1864 by a margin of 73 ayes to 59 nays; in the upper chamber on July 2, 1864 it passed by a similar percentage of 18 ayes to 14 nays and was brought to Lincoln's desk.
On July 4, 1864, Lincoln pocket-vetoed the bill by refusing to sign it. This action drove Wade to sign, along with Davis, the Wade-Davis Manifesto, which accused the president of seeking reelection by the executive establishment of new state governments. Campbell was a former Supreme Court Justice who had resigned at the start of war and then served as Assistant Secretary of War in the Confederate government. He was also a member of the Confederate delegation that met with Lincoln at the Hampton Roads Conference.
as Lydia Smith. Smith was Thaddeus Stevens's biracial housekeeper. Stevens was a bachelor and Smith lived with him for many years. Revised © 2006 All Rights Reserved.
An example of a US bachelor's degree diploma. A bachelor's degree (from baccalaureus) or baccalaureate (from baccalaureatus) is an awarded by colleges and universities upon completion of a course of study lasting three to seven years (depending on institution and ). In some institutions and educational systems, some bachelor's degrees can only be taken as or after a first degree has been completed. In countries with qualifications frameworks, bachelor's degrees are normally one of the major levels in the framework (sometimes two levels where non-honours and honours bachelor's degrees are considered separately), although some qualifications titled bachelor's degrees may be at other levels (e.g. ) and some qualifications with non-bachelor's titles may be classified as bachelor's degrees (e.g. The and Canadian ). The term in the 12th century referred to a, who was too young or poor to gather.
By the end of the 13th century, it was also used by junior members of or universities. By or wordplay, the word baccalaureus came to be associated with bacca lauri ('laurel berry') in reference to being awarded for academic success or honours. Under the, and those influenced by it, undergraduate academic degrees are differentiated as either non-honours degrees (known variously as pass degrees, ordinary degrees or general degrees) or, the latter sometimes denoted by the addition of '(Hons)' after the degree abbreviation. An honours degree generally requires a higher academic standard than a pass degree, and in some systems an additional year of study beyond the non-honours bachelor's. Some countries, such as, New Zealand and Canada, have a 'bachelor with honours' degree. This may be taken as a consecutive academic degree, continuing on from the completion of a bachelor's degree program in the same field, or as part of an integrated honours program.
These programs typically require completion of a full-year long research thesis project. See also: The bachelor's degree is the standard undergraduate degree in the United Kingdom, with the most common degrees being the bachelor of arts (BA) and bachelor of science (BSc). Most bachelor's degree courses (apart from the very rare postgraduate awards, and those in, and ) lead to, with ordinary degrees generally only being awarded to those who do not meet the required pass mark for an honours degree.
With the exception of the postgraduate bachelor's degrees and bachelor's degrees in medicine, dentistry and veterinary science, UK bachelor's degrees (whether honours or non-honours) are first cycle (end of cycle) qualifications under the. Postgraduate bachelor's degrees and bachelor's degrees in medicine, dentistry and veterinary science are second cycle (end of cycle) qualifications. Some bachelor's degrees in medicine, dentistry and veterinary science offer intercalated degrees en route to the final qualification. Bachelor's degrees should not be confused with baccalaureate qualifications, which derive their name from the same root. In the UK, baccalaureate qualifications, e.g., are gained at secondary schools rather than being degree-level qualifications.
Until the 19th century, a bachelor's degree represented the first degree in a particular faculty, with Arts representing undergraduate study, thus the Bachelor of Civil Law (BCL) at Oxford and the Bachelor of Laws (LLB) at Cambridge, for example, were postgraduate degrees. Vestiges of this system still remain in the ancient universities, with Oxford and Cambridge awarding BAs for undergraduate degrees in both arts and sciences (although both award undergraduate BTh degrees through associated, and Oxford awards BFA degrees in addition to the BA) and defining other bachelor's degrees (e.g. BPhil, BCL) as postgraduate awards equivalent to, although many postgraduate bachelor's degrees have now been replaced by equivalent master's degrees (e.g. LLM for the LLB at Cambridge and MSc for the BSc at Oxford).
The same historical usage of indicating an undergraduate degree by it being in the faculty of arts rather than being a bachelor's degree gives rise to the and the ). Common bachelor's degrees and abbreviations:.: BA.: BSc.: LLB.: BCL.: BEng.: BEd.: MBBS, MBBCh, BMBS, BMBCh.: BDS. This section needs additional citations for. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2016) Many other specialized bachelor's degrees are offered as well. Some are in very specialized areas, like the five-year B.I.Des. Or B.Sc.I.Des.
Others are offered only at a limited number of universities, such as the at 's Bachelor of Science in Foreign Service (BSFS). Offers a Bachelor of Applied Arts and Science (B.A.A.Sc.) degree, a degree which often indicates an interdisciplinary course of study for many majors within its School of Arts and Science. 's degree is for students who are receiving one degree but who have completed two arts and sciences majors, one of which would ordinarily lead to the B.A. And one of which would ordinarily lead to the B.Sc.
At many institutions one can only complete a two-degree program if the bachelor's degrees to be earned are of different types (e.g., one could earn a B.A. In and a B.Sc.C.Eng. In simultaneously, but a person studying philosophy and English would receive only a single B.A. With the two majors). Rules on this vary considerably, however. Agriculture The Bachelor of Science in Agriculture B.Sc.
(Ag) or B.Sc. (Hons.) Agriculture offers a broad training in the sciences.
The focus of this four-year applied degree is on the development of analytical, quantitative, computing and communication skills. Students learn how to apply the knowledge and principles of science to the understanding and management of the production, processing and marketing of agricultural products, and to the management and conservation of our natural resources. All students undertake rural field trips and approved professional experience within agricultural or horticultural enterprises, natural resource management, agribusiness industries, or commercial or government organisations active in the field. Architecture and design The (B.Arch.) degree is a professional degree awarded to students who complete the five-year course of study in the field at some universities. Many universities offer a B.Sc. (majoring in Architecture) after the first three or four years, and then a post-graduate diploma, B.Arch.
For the following two to four years. The (B.Des., or S.Des. In Indonesia) is awarded to those who complete the four- or four-and-a-half-year course of study in design, usually majoring in a specific field of design, such as interior design or graphic design. Main article: The Bachelor of Arts degrees (B.A., A.B.; also known as Artium Baccalaureus) along with the degrees are the most common undergraduate degrees given.
Originally, in the universities of, and, all undergraduate degrees were in the faculty of arts, hence the name of the degree. The (B.A.A.Sc.) is an undergraduate degree that bridges academic and work-life experiences. Engineering. The degree or degree or degree is a professional degree awarded to students who have completed the three or four-year course of study in. Common abbreviations include B.Eng., B.A.Sc. And B.Sc.Eng. degree is awarded by the.
Some South African universities refer to their engineering degrees as B.Ing. (Baccalaureus Ingeniaria). There are more specific variants for many sub fields such as B.Sc.E.Eng. (Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering) and B.S.Eng. (Bachelor of Software Engineering).
Business and management See:. Computer science and information systems There are various undergraduate degrees in incorporating programming, database design, software engineering, networks and information systems. These programs prepare graduates for further degrees or for employment in a variety of roles in the industry. The program focus may be on the technical or theoretical aspects of the subject matter, depending on which course is taken. Theoretically oriented degrees focus on and are correspondingly titled. These include the (B.Comp.) and (B.Comp.Sc.) degrees. Computer science is also offered as a major within most programs.
The practically oriented degrees cover many disciplines from within the including software engineering, information systems, and data communications. Examples here include the (B.Sc.I.T.), the (B.C.A.), the, and the Bachelor of Applied Science (Information Technology) (B.A.Sc.I.T.)) degrees. Many of the disciplines taught as part of these degrees are covered under other degrees, such as engineering, as well. Degrees combining IT with business study are also offered at many universities. Specialized programs in —such as the (BBIS) program—are often positioned as professionally oriented degrees. More general degrees here would include business degrees, such as the or, with information systems as a concentration. Health Care Medicine In countries following British tradition, (the is an exception) medical students pursue an undergraduate medical education and receive (M.B.B.Chir., M.B.B.S., B.M.B.S., B.M., M.B.Ch.B., etc.).
This was historically taken at the universities of Oxford, Cambridge, and Dublin after the initial B.A. Degree, and in Oxford, Cambridge, and Dublin the B.A.
Is still awarded for the initial three years of medical study, with the B.M.B.Ch., M.B.B.Chir., or M.B.B.Ch.B.A.O., respectively, being awarded for the subsequent clinical stage of training. Some British universities give a bachelor's degree in science, or medical science, midway through the medical course, and most allow students to intercalate a year of more specialized study for an intercalated Bachelor of Science (B.Sc.), Bachelor of Medical Science (B.Med.Sc.), or Bachelor of Medical Biology (B.Med.Biol.) degree with honors. Although notionally M.B. Are two degrees, they must be taken together. In some Irish universities, a third degree, Bachelor of Arts in Obstetrics (B.A.O.), is added. However, this third degree is an anachronism from the 19th century and is not registerable with the Irish Medical Council.
In the UK, these qualifications, while retaining the title of bachelor's degrees, are master's degree level qualifications. Use of the courtesy title of is attached to the profession of doctor or physician and is granted by registration, not by earning the qualifying degree. Trainee doctors in the UK are allowed to use the title once they begin their training and receive provisional registration.
The Canadian MD degree is, despite its name, classified as a bachelor's degree. Dentistry Dentistry is offered both as an undergraduate and a postgraduate course. In countries following the British model, the first degree in dentistry is the, which is a master's degree level qualification in the UK. In some parts of the world, the (DDS) is the usual undergraduate program. Postgraduate courses such as the (B.Dent.)—awarded exclusively by the in Australia—requires a previous bachelor's degree. Midwifery The Bachelor of Midwifery degree is a professional degree awarded to students who have complete a three- to five-year (depending on the country) course of study in. Common abbreviations include B.Sc.Mid., B.M., B.Mid., B.H.Sc.Mid.
Physiotherapy is offered both as an undergraduate and a graduate course of study. Studies leading to the (B.P.T.) degree usually constitute the undergraduate program. In the graduate program, courses leading to a degree such as the degree are offered. In the of, French universities offer both undergraduate and graduate courses leading to the obtention of a Bachelor of Science degree with a major in physiotherapy and a Master of Science degree specialized in physiotherapy., the, and the are among the post-secondary institutions that offer such programs.
Optometry Optometry is a four-year or five-year course. Although students graduate with a B.Sc.
After three years of study, passing a further supervised preregistration year is required to become a fully qualified optometrist. The is among the post-secondary institutions that offer such programs. It is the academic arm of The Tun Hussein Onn National Eye Hospital and the only eye hospital based institution in Malaysia. Nursing The Bachelor of Nursing degree is a three- to five-year undergraduate degree that prepares students for a career in. Often the degree is required to gain ', or equivalent, status—subject to completion of exams in the area of residence. Sometimes, though, the degree is offered only to nurses who are already registered. Alternative titles include and Bachelor of Nursing Science, with abbreviations B.Sc.N., B.N., B.N.Sc.
Paramedicine Paramedicine is offered both as an undergraduate and a postgraduate course in some countries. The Bachelor of Paramedicine degree is a three- to a five-year undergraduate degree that prepares students for a career in paramedicine, paramedic services or emergency medical services. Countries such as Canada, United Kingdom, Ireland, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa have established paramedicine degree programs. The United States currently currently does not require a degree for paramedicine practice. The Bachelor of Paramedicine, with abbreviations B.Sc.P., B.P., B.H.Sc.P. Veterinary science The program is generally a five-year course of study that is required for becoming a.
It is also known as the Bachelor of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery at some universities (B.V.M.S.). In the UK, this is a master's degree level qualification that retains the title of bachelor's for historical reasons. In the United States, no bachelor's degree of veterinary science is given, only the (D.V.M.) degree is.
Pharmacy The (B.Pharm.) degree is a common for the practice of. In the United States, and, however, all colleges of pharmacy have now phased out the degree in favor of the, or, degree or the Ph.D., doctor of philosophy, degree in pharmacy. Some universities, such as the University of Mississippi, award a Bachelor of Science in pharmaceutical sciences (B.Sc.P.Sc.) degree as a part of the seven-year Pharm.D. Program after the completion of the first four years. However, the B.ScP.Sc. Degree does not qualify the recipient for the practice of pharmacy, for which it is required that students earn a Pharm.D.
Public Health is usually studied at the level. The (B.Sc.P.H.) degree is a four-year undergraduate degree that prepares students for careers in the public, private, or nonprofit sectors in areas such as public health, environmental health, health administration, epidemiology, or health policy and planning. Medical and Health Sciences. The Bachelor of Health Science (B.H.Sc./BSHS) is a specialized degree awarded to students whose studies have focused on health care, health sciences, or health professions. Specific areas of study can include nursing, radiography, health care management, and health education among the other broad areas of. Some BHSc/BSHS programs are intended for pre-requisite study to professional graduate programs, including, studies,.
The degree is typically awarded following four to five years of collegiate study. The title B.Med.Sc., B.Bio.Med.Sc., B.Med.Sc.
Or B.V.Med.Sc. Is granted to students who have qualified in the field of and or veterinary medical science respectively. Universities that offer this course include the in Canada, in the UK and the, the, the, the, and the in Australia. The degree of B.Med.Sc. Can be awarded for students completing an intercalated degree whilst as an intermediate award. The degree of B.Med.Sc.
May also be awarded to an individual who, having followed the prescribed course of study for the degrees of, does not complete the undergraduate clinical training. In brief, this is normally awarded after the candidate has completed successfully the first three years of an undergraduate medical degree at certain UK (and Commonwealth) medical institutions.
The degree is awarded by several universities around the world and focuses on biomedical research, health care, biotech business, pharmaceutical sciences, or a combination thereof. Kinesiology The Bachelor of degree (B.K. Or B.Sc.K.)is a specialized degree in the field of human movement and kinetics. Some schools still offer it under the aegis of a School of (B.P.Ed. Or B.H.P.Ed.), although 'kinesiology' or 'human kinetics' is currently the more popularly accepted term for the discipline.
Nutrition and Dietetics Bachelor of Science in Nutrition and Dietetics (B.S.N.D.), Bachelor of Food Science and Nutrition (B.F.S.N.) Specific areas of study include clinical nutrition, food technology, hospitality and services management, research, community worker, health care management, educator, sports science, agricultural sciences, private practice and other allied health fields. The degree is awarded following four to six years of collegiate study in America (average five years), from three to four in Europe and Australia.
In America (especially Latin America) Nutrition per se is separated from Dietetics, where the latter is equivalent to a technical degree. Aviation The (B.Av.) is awarded to students who complete a four-year course of study in the field of. Divinity and theology The, and (B.D., B.Th., B.R.S., B.B.S., and B.R.E.) degrees are awarded on completion of a program of study of or related disciplines, such as,. Traditionally the B.D.
Was in fact a graduate degree rather than a first degree, and typically emphasised academic theology, biblical languages etc. This has become a less common arrangement, but a B.D. Takes precedence over a Ph.D. In Cambridge University's order of seniority.
While the theological bachelor's degree is generally conferred upon completion of a four-year program, it is also conferred in some specialized three-year programs. From there, the next level of advancement is generally the (M.Div.), (Th.M.), or (M.R.E.) degree.
In the United States the 'main line' Protestant clergy typically take a four-year bachelor's degree in whatever field they choose, then earn the M.Div. (Master of Divinity) degree in an additional three years as part of preparation for ordination. Fine arts The (B.F.A.) degree is a specialized degree awarded for courses of study in the fine arts, frequently by an arts school or conservatory, although it is equally available at a significant number of traditional colleges and universities. In contrast to the B.A.
Or B.S., which are generally considered to be academic degrees, the B.F.A. Is usually referred to as a professional degree, whose recipients have generally received four years of study and training in their major field as compared to the two years of study in the major field usually found in most traditional non-Commonwealth Bachelor of Arts or Bachelor of Science programs.
In the United States, the Bachelor of Fine Arts degree differs from a Bachelor of Arts degree in that the majority of the program consists of a practical studio component, as contrasted with lecture and discussion classes. A typical B.F.A. Program in the United States consists of two-thirds study in the arts, with one-third in more general liberal arts studies. In Art, the ratio might be reversed. Film and television The (B.F.T.V.) degree is an undergraduate degree for the study of film and television production including areas of cinematography, directing, scriptwriting, sound, animation, and typography. Integrated studies The (B.I.S.) is an interdisciplinary bachelor's degree offered by several universities in the United States and Canada.
It allows students to design a customized and specific course of study to best suit their educational and professional objectives. Generally, this degree is sponsored by two or more departments within the university. Schools which confer the B.I.S. Degree include the, Miami University (Ohio), the University of Virginia, the, and amongst others. Journalism The (B.A.J. Or B.Sc.J.) degree is a professional degree awarded to students who have studied journalism at a four-year accredited university. Not all universities, however, grant this degree.
In the United States, schools tend to offer the B.A. With a major in journalism instead. The world's oldest school of journalism at the offers a B.J. Degree, not to be confused with the bachelor's degree in jurisprudence at Oxford University.
In South Africa, has the oldest school of journalism in Africa and allows students to take a fourth-year specialisation to raise their B.A. Status, equivalent to a B.A. (Hons).x Landscape architecture The (B.L.Arch.) degree is awarded to students who complete the five- (in some countries four-) year course of study in the field. Liberal arts The, Bachelor of Science in general studies, or Bachelor of Applied Studies (B.L.A., B.G.S., B.L.S., B.Sc.G.S., B.A.S.) degree is sometimes awarded to students who major in the, in general, or in interdisciplinary studies. The is awarded to students who major in professional career studies.
Library science The or (B.L.Sc., B.L.I.Sc.) degree is sometimes awarded to students who major in, although Master's of library science degrees are more common. Music The (B.Mus.) degree is a professional or academic undergraduate degree in at most conservatories in the US and the UK.
It is also commonly awarded at schools of music in large private or public universities. Areas of study typically include music performance, music education, music therapy, music composition, academic fields (music history/musicology, music theory, ethnomusicology), and may include jazz, commercial music, recording technology, sacred music/music ministry, or music business. Small liberal arts colleges and universities without schools of music often award only B.A. In music, with different sets of requirements. (see also: ) Nonprofit Studies A Bachelor of and Studies is a field that focuses on practices of the sector. This area of inquiry examines the management and effectiveness of the nonprofit sector, and has sub-areas of research including,.
A variety of higher education institutions and research organizations are dedicated to the teaching and research of issues related to the nonprofit sector. Additionally, individual courses within related disciplines (e.g., ) examine nonprofit studies in a variety of contexts. Nonprofit studies may also refer to studies of the, third sector,. Mortuary science The Bachelor of Mortuary Science (B.M.S.) is a professional undergraduate degree, awarded by the of and Southern Illinois University Carbondale. It was introduced in 1986 and it is awarded to students that complete 120 semester hours of course work and receive passing scores on the National Board Exam administered. Philosophy The (B.Phil.
Or Ph.B.) degree is either an undergraduate or graduate degree. Generally, it entails independent research or a thesis/capstone project. Psychology The Bachelor of Arts or Science in Psychology (B.A.Psy., B.Sc.Psy., B.Psych., or Psy.B.) degree is a degree awarded to students who have completed a course of study in the field of.
Courses typically last five years, but may last as long as six. In Nepal, there are three- and four-year courses available for higher-level students. Education The Bachelor of Education degree (B.Ed.) is a four-year undergraduate professional degree offered by many American colleges and universities for those preparing to be licensed as. Variants include the B.Ed., B.A.Ed, B.A.T. (Bachelor of Arts for Teaching), and B.S.T. Preparation for the M.S. In education, this degree is most often received by those interested in early childhood, elementary level, and special education, or by those planning to be school administrators.
Secondary level teachers often major in their subject area instead (i.e., history, chemistry, or mathematics), with a minor in education. Some states require elementary teachers to choose a subject major as well, and minor in education. In Canada, the bachelor of education is a two-year professional degree in which students will specialise in either elementary or secondary education, and that is taken after the completion of a three or four year bachelor's degree with a major in a teachable subject, such as English, French, Mathematics, Biology, Chemistry, or a social science. Some universities also offer concurrent, five year programs with student completing both a bachelor's degree in arts or science as well as their B.Ed. The possession of a B.Ed.
And a second bachelor's degree is required to teach in most public anglophone and francophone schools in Canada. Prepares teachers for completion of either M.A. (master's of arts) programs in education, M.Ed.
(masters of education) programs, or post graduate certificates in education. Science with education The Bachelor of Science and/with Education degree (B.Sc.Ed.) is a degree awarded to students who complete the four- to five-year course of study in the field of science (major and minor in General Biology, Chemistry, Physics, and Mathematics) and education. Although notionally and B.Ed. Are two degrees, they must be taken together.
The graduates will work as science (physics, chemistry, biology) teachers in high schools, as lecturers in pre university colleges and matriculation centers and can progress to postgraduate programs ( and ) in various areas in science or education. Forestry The Bachelor of Science in Forestry (B.Sc.F.) is a degree awarded to students who complete the four-year course of study in the field of forestry.
Main article: The Bachelor of Science degrees (B.Sc., Sc.B.) along with the degrees are the most common undergraduate degrees given. The (B.A.A.Sc.) is an undergraduate degree that bridges academic and work-life experiences. Science in law The degree (B.Sc.L.) is a special-purpose degree that allows someone who has had some prior studies but has not achieved a bachelor's degree to resume his or her education and take up the study of law with the goal of eventually receiving the degree. Social sciences The (B.S.Sc.) is a three- or four-year British degree that enables students to specialize in the area of. Compared to the Bachelor of Arts, which allows students to study a vast range of disciplines, the enables students to develop more central and specialized knowledge of the social sciences. Many universities place the between the Bachelor of Arts and undergraduate degrees.
Social work The (B.S.W.) degree is a four-year undergraduate degree. Usually the first two years consist of liberal arts courses and the last two years focus on social work classes in human development, policy/law, research, and practice. Programs accredited by the require B.S.W. Students to complete a minimum of 400 field education or hours. Accredited B.S.W. Programs often allow students who are interested in obtaining a degree to complete the degree in a shorter amount of time or waive courses. In Latin America this is a four to five year degree that can replace liberal arts subjects into health sciences, resulting in social work as a type of community psychology and socioeconomic studies, focused in hospitals, prisons or pedagogy, among others.
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Technology The degree (B.Tech) is a three- or four-year undergraduate degree. Generally, the program is comparable to a Bachelor of Science degree program, which is additionally supplemented by either occupational placements (supervised practical or internships) or practice-based classroom courses. Law The (LL.B.) is the principal academic degree in law in most countries other than the United States, and anglophone Canada, where it has been superseded by the (J.D.) degree. Talmudic law The degree (B.T.L.) or a First Talmudic Degree (F.T.D.) is the degree awarded in most around the United States. Tourism studies The Bachelor of Tourism Studies (B.T.S.) degree is awarded to those who complete the four- or five-year course of study in tourism, laws regarding tourism, planning and development, marketing, economics, sociology, anthropology, arts and world history (dependent on the country in which one takes the course), ticketing, hospitality, computer applications, and much more.
The course would have an interdisciplinary approach with a vast range of units so the tourismologist professional would be able to identify necessary actions toward a sustainable touristic environment focus on local community uniqueness, values and traditions. As tourism is a growing industry, in India there is a lot of opportunity for those who complete this course of study. It is available in select universities of India. Mathematics The or degree (B.Math.
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And B.Math.Sc.) is given at the conclusion of a four-year honors program or a three-year general program. Several universities, mostly in Canada and Australia, award such degrees.
The usual degree for mathematics in all other countries is the B.Sc. Urban and regional planning The Bachelor of Urban and Regional Planning or Bachelor of Urban Planning or just Bachelor of Planning degree (B.U.R.P., B.U.P., or B.Plan) is a degree offered at some institutions as a four or five-year professional undergraduate degree in.
Programs vary in their focus on studio work and may or may not involve professional practice. Public affairs and policy management The degree (B.P.A.P.Mgt.) is a specialized four-year honors degree dedicated to the study of public policy within an interdisciplinary framework.
The degree was created as a direct response to the changing nature of civic society and the growing need for university graduates who can work effectively in the new policy environment. Innovation The Bachelor of Innovation is a four-year degree in a range of different fields.
The major fields, in engineering business, arts, science or education, are similar to their associated B.A. The general education elements are restructured to provide a common core of innovation, entrepreneurship and team skills.
The degree was created as a direct response to the increasing pace of innovation in today's society and the need for graduates that understanding effective teaming, as well as the innovation process. See also.