28,000 to 25,000 BC. The Central European land that is now Austria was settled in pre-Roman times by various tribes. The Celtic kingdom of was later claimed by the and made a province. Present-day Petronell- in eastern Austria was an important army camp turned capital city in what became known as the Upper Pannonia province. Carnuntum was home for 50,000 people for nearly 400 years. After the fall of the Roman Empire, the area was invaded by, and., King of the Franks, conquered the area in AD 788, encouraged colonization, and introduced Christianity. As part of, the core areas that now encompass Austria were bequeathed to the house of.
The area was known as the and was given to in 976. The first record showing the name Austria is from 996, where it is written as, referring to the territory of the Babenberg March. In 1156, the elevated Austria to the status of a duchy. In 1192, the Babenbergs also acquired the Duchy of. With the death of in 1246, the line of the Babenbergs was extinguished. As a result, effectively assumed control of the duchies of Austria, Styria,. His reign came to an end with his defeat at at the hands of in 1278.
Thereafter, until World War I, Austria's history was largely that of its ruling dynasty, the. Middle Ages In the 14th and 15th centuries, the began to accumulate other provinces in the vicinity of the Duchy of Austria. In 1438, Duke was chosen as the successor to his father-in-law,.
Although Albert himself only reigned for a year, henceforth every emperor of the Holy Roman Empire was a Habsburg, with only one exception. The in 1683 broke the advance of the into Europe.
The Habsburgs began also to accumulate territory far from the hereditary lands. In 1477, only son of, married the heiress Maria of, thus acquiring most of the for the family. His son married, the heiress of and, thus acquired Spain and its Italian, African, and appendages for the Habsburgs. In 1526, following the, and the part of not occupied by the Ottomans came under Austrian rule. Into Hungary led to between the two empires, particularly evident in the of 1593 to 1606. The Turks made incursions into nearly 20 times, of which some are cited as 'burning, pillaging, and taking thousands of slaves'.
In late September 1529 Suleiman the Magnificent launched the first, which unsuccessfully ended, according to Ottoman historians, with the snowfalls of an early beginning winter. 17th and 18th centuries. Met in 1814–15.
The objective of the Congress was to settle the many issues arising from the, the, and the dissolution of the. During the long reign of (1657–1705) and following the successful in 1683 (under the command of the King of Poland, ), a resulted in bringing most of Hungary to Austrian control by the in 1699. Relinquished many of the gains the empire made in the previous years, largely due to his apprehensions at the imminent extinction of the House of Habsburg. Charles was willing to offer concrete advantages in territory and authority in exchange for recognition of the that made his daughter his heir. With the rise of, the began in Germany. Austria participated, together with Prussia and Russia, in the first and the third of the three (in 1772 and 1795). 19th century.
A map showing the (1815-1836) with its 39 member states. Austria later became engaged in a war with, at the beginning highly unsuccessfully, with successive defeats at the hands of Napoleon, meaning the end of the old Holy Roman Empire in 1806. Two years earlier, the was founded. From 1792 to 1801, the Austrians had suffered 754,700 casualties. In 1814, Austria was part of the Allied forces that invaded France and brought to an end the. It emerged from the in 1815 as one of the continent's four dominant powers and a recognised.
The same year, the ( Deutscher Bund) was founded under the presidency of Austria. Because of unsolved social, political, and national conflicts, the German lands were shaken by the aiming to create a unified Germany.
The various different possibilities for a united Germany were: a, or a or just the German Confederation without Austria at all. As Austria was not willing to relinquish its German-speaking territories to what would become the, the crown of the newly formed empire was offered to the Prussian King. In 1864, Austria and Prussia fought together against and secured the independence from Denmark of the duchies of. As they could not agree on how the two duchies should be administered, though, they fought the in 1866.
Defeated by Prussia in the, Austria had to leave the German Confederation and subsequently no longer took part in German politics. The, the Ausgleich, provided for a dual sovereignty, the and the, under. The Austrian-Hungarian rule of this diverse empire included various groups, including Croats, Czechs, Poles, Serbs, Slovaks, Slovenes, and Ukrainians, as well as large Italian and Romanian communities.
An ethno-linguistic map of Austria–Hungary, 1910 As a result, ruling Austria–Hungary became increasingly difficult in an age of emerging nationalist movements, requiring considerable reliance on an expanded secret police. Yet, the government of Austria tried its best to be accommodating in some respects: The Reichsgesetzblatt, publishing the laws and ordinances of, was issued in eight languages; all national groups were entitled to schools in their own language and to the use of their mother tongue at state offices, for example. See also:, and After the war, inflation began to devalue the Krone, which was still Austria's currency. In autumn 1922, Austria was granted an international loan supervised by the. The purpose of the loan was to avert bankruptcy, stabilise the currency, and improve Austria's general economic condition. The loan meant that Austria passed from an independent state to the control exercised by the League of Nations.
In 1925, the was introduced, replacing the Krone at a rate of 10,000:1. Later, it was nicknamed the 'Alpine dollar' due to its stability.
From 1925 to 1929, the economy enjoyed a short high before nearly crashing after. The lasted until 1933, when Chancellor, using what he called, established an autocratic regime tending towards. The two big parties at this time, the Social Democrats and the Conservatives, had paramilitary armies; the Social Democrats' was now declared illegal, but was still operative as broke out. In February 1934, several members of the Schutzbund were executed, the Social Democratic party was outlawed, and many of its members were imprisoned or emigrated. On 1 May 1934, the imposed a new constitution ('Maiverfassung') which cemented Dollfuss's power, but on 25 July he was assassinated in a coup attempt.
Hitler speaking at, Vienna, 1938 His successor acknowledged Austria as a 'German state' and that Austrians were 'better Germans' but wished for Austria to remain independent. He announced a referendum on 9 March 1938, to be held on 13 March, concerning Austria's independence from Germany. On 12 March 1938, Austrian Nazis took over government, while German troops occupied the country, which prevented Schuschnigg's referendum from taking place.
On 13 March 1938, the of Austria was officially declared. Two days later, Austrian-born announced what he called the 'reunification' of his home country with the 'rest of the ' on Vienna's. He established a plebiscite confirming the union with Germany in April 1938. Parliamentary elections were held in Germany (including recently annexed Austria) on 10 April 1938. They were the final elections to the Reichstag during Nazi rule, and took the form of a single-question referendum asking whether voters approved of a single Nazi-party list for the 813-member Reichstag, as well as the recent annexation of Austria (the Anschluss).
Jews and Gypsies were not allowed to vote. Turnout in the election was officially 99.5%, with 98.9% voting 'yes'. In the case of Austria, Adolf Hitler's native soil, 99.71% of an electorate of 4,484,475 officially went to the ballots, with a positive tally of 99.73%. Although most Austrians favoured the Anschluss, in certain parts of Austria the German soldiers were not always welcomed with flowers and joy, especially in Vienna which had Austria's largest Jewish population.
Nevertheless, despite the propaganda and the manipulation and rigging which surrounded the ballot box result, there was massive genuine support for Hitler for fulfilling the Anschluss, since many Germans from both Austria and Germany saw it as completing the long overdue German unification of all Germans united into one-state. Austria in 1941 when it was known as the 'Ostmark'. Though Austrians made up only 8% of the population of the Third Reich, some of the most prominent Nazis were native Austrians, including, and, as were over 13% of the and 40% of the staff at the Nazi.
Vienna fell on 13 April 1945, during the, just before the total collapse of the Third Reich. The invading Allied powers, in particular the Americans, planned for the supposed 'Alpine Fortress Operation' of a national redoubt, that was largely to have taken place on Austrian soil in the mountains of the eastern Alps. However, it never materialised because of the rapid collapse of the Reich. And (Socialist Party of Austria Social Democrats and Revolutionary Socialists), Leopold Kunschak (Austria's People's Party former Christian Social People's Party), and Johann Koplenig (Communist Party of Austria) declared Austria's secession from the Third Reich by the Declaration of Independence on 27 April 1945 and set up a in Vienna under state Chancellor Renner the same day, with the approval of the victorious and backed.
(The date is officially named the birthday of the second republic.) At the end of April, most of western and southern Austria were still under Nazi rule. On 1 May 1945, the federal constitution of 1929, which had been terminated by dictator Dollfuss on 1 May 1934, was declared valid again. Total from 1939 to 1945 are estimated at 260,000. Jewish Holocaust victims totalled 65,000. About 140,000 Jewish Austrians had fled the country in 1938–39. Thousands of Austrians had taken part in serious Nazi crimes (hundreds of thousands died in alone), a fact officially recognised by Chancellor in 1992.
Contemporary era. The is one of the four major office sites worldwide. Much like Germany, Austria was into American, British, French, and Soviet zones and governed by the. As forecast in the in 1943, a subtle difference was seen in the treatment of Austria by the Allies. The Austrian government, consisting of Social Democrats, Conservatives, and Communists (until 1947), and residing in Vienna, which was surrounded by the Soviet zone, was recognised by the in October 1945 after some doubts that Renner could be Stalin's puppet.
Thus, the creation of a separate Western Austrian government and the division of the country was avoidable. Austria, in general, was treated as though it had been originally invaded by Germany and liberated by the Allies. On 15 May 1955, after talks which lasted for years and were influenced by the, Austria regained full independence by concluding the with the Four Occupying Powers. On 26 October 1955, after all occupation troops had left, Austria declared its 'permanent neutrality' by an act of parliament.
This day is now Austria's, a public holiday. The: Austria is one of the 28 EU members. The 1955 ended the occupation of Austria following World War II and recognised Austria as an independent and sovereign state. On 26 October 1955, the passed a constitutional article in which 'Austria declares of her own free will her perpetual neutrality'. The second section of this law stated that 'in all future times Austria will not join any military alliances and will not permit the establishment of any foreign military bases on her territory'.
Since then, Austria has shaped its foreign policy on the basis of neutrality, but rather different from the neutrality of Switzerland. Austria began to reassess its definition of neutrality following the fall of the, granting overflight rights for the UN-sanctioned action against in 1991, and since 1995, it has developed participation in the EU's Common Foreign and Security Policy. Also in 1995, it joined 's and subsequently participated in peacekeeping missions in Bosnia.
Meanwhile, the only part of the Constitutional Law on Neutrality of 1955 still fully valid is not to allow foreign military bases in Austria. Austria attaches great importance to participation in the and other international economic organisations, and it has played an active role in the (OSCE). As an OSCE-participating State, Austria's international commitments are subject to monitoring under the mandate of the. This section's factual accuracy is. Relevant discussion may be found on. Please help to ensure that disputed statements are.
(May 2018) The Ministry in charge of the Austrian corrections system is the Ministry of Justice. The Ministry of Justice is based out of the UK and is supported through multiple European countries. The head of the prison administration falls under the title of Director General.
The current Director General is Christian Schnattler. The total prison population rate as of July 2017 is 8,290 people, and that does not include an additional 719 people in psychiatric care and home arrest. The prison population rate per 100,000 of national population is 94. The prison population rate has been fairly steady since 2010. The population percentages of the prison system is broken down into 4 categories with the percentages being from July 2017. The categories are pre-trial detainees, female prisoners, juvenile prisoners, and foreign prisoners.
Pre-trial detainees make up 23.6%, female prisoners make up 5.7%, juveniles make up 1.4%, and foreign prisoners make up 54.2% of the prison system. The Austrian corrections system consists of 27 institutions, with an official capacity of 8,738 people. As reported in July 2017 they are currently at 94.9% maximum capacity(“Austria.”). The population percentage for Austria's prison system has had very little fluctuation since 2010. Since 2000 the population has risen over 2,000 and has stayed pretty well stabilized at over 8,000. Austria is ranked number 105 in prison pollution in the world('Highest to Lowest - Occupancy level (based on official capacity)”).
Main article: Austria is a largely mountainous country due to its location in the. The, and are all partly in Austria. Of the total area of Austria (84,000 km 2 or 32,433 sq mi), only about a quarter can be considered low lying, and only 32% of the country is below 500 metres (1,640 ft). The Alps of western Austria give way somewhat into low lands and plains in the eastern part of the country.
Austria lies between latitudes and, and longitudes. It can be divided into five areas, the biggest being the, which constitute 62% of the nation's total area. The Austrian foothills at the base of the Alps and the account for around 12% and the foothills in the east and areas surrounding the periphery of the Pannoni low country amount to about 12% of the total landmass. The second greater mountain area (much lower than the Alps) is situated in the north.
Known as the Austrian, it is located in the central area of the Bohemian Mass and accounts for 10% of Austria. The Austrian portion of the comprises the remaining 4%.
A topographic map of Austria showing cities with over 100,000 inhabitants. The six highest mountains in Austria are: Name Height 000000000♠1 3,798 m 000000000♠2 3,772 m 000000000♠3 3,770 m 000000000♠4 3,739 m 000000000♠5 3,721 m 000000000♠6 3,719 m, Austria belongs to the Central European province of the within the. According to the, the territory of Austria can be subdivided into four ecoregions: the Central European mixed forests, Pannonian mixed forests, Alps conifer and mixed forests and Western European broadleaf forests.
Modern, with the and the. Austria consistently ranks high in terms of, due to its highly industrialized economy, and well-developed. Until the 1980s, many of Austria's largest industry firms were nationalised; in recent years, however, has reduced state holdings to a level comparable to other European economies. Are particularly influential, exercising large influence on labour politics and decisions related to the expansion of the economy. Next to a highly developed industry, international tourism is the most important part of the. Germany has historically been the main trading partner of Austria, making it vulnerable to rapid changes in the. Since Austria became a member state of the, it has gained closer ties to other EU economies, reducing its economic dependence on Germany.
In addition, membership of the EU has drawn an influx of foreign investors attracted by Austria's access to the single European market and proximity to the aspiring economies of the European Union. Growth in GDP reached 3.3% in 2006.
At least 67% of Austria's imports come from other European Union member states. Austria is part of a monetary union, the (dark blue), and of the. Austria indicated on 16 November 2010 that it would withhold the December installment of its contribution to the EU bailout of Greece, citing the material worsening of the Greek debt situation and the apparent inability of Greece to collect the level of tax receipts it had previously promised. The dented the economy of Austria in other ways as well. It caused, for example, the to be purchased in December 2009 by the government for 1 euro owing to credit difficulties, thus wiping out the €1.63bn of. As of February 2014, the HGAA situation was unresolved, causing Chancellor to warn that its failure would be comparable to the 1931 event.
Since the fall of communism, have been quite active players and consolidators in Eastern Europe. Between 1995 and 2010, 4,868 with a total known value of 163 bil. EUR with the involvement of Austrian firms have been announced. The largest transactions with involvement of Austrian companies have been: the acquisition of by for 7.8 billion EUR in 2000, the acquisition of by for 3.6 billion EUR in 2009, and the acquisition of by for 3.7 bil.
Accounts for almost 9% of its gross domestic product. In 2007, Austria ranked 9th worldwide in international tourism receipts, with 18.9 billion US$. In, Austria ranked 12th with 20.8 million tourists.
Main articles:, and In 1972, the country began construction of a electricity-generation station at on the River, following a unanimous vote in parliament. However, in 1978, a voted approximately 50.5% against nuclear power, 49.5% for, and parliament subsequently unanimously passed a law forbidding the use of nuclear power to generate electricity although the nuclear power plant was already finished. Austria currently produces more than half of its electricity. Together with other sources such as, and powerplants, the electricity supply from renewable energy amounts to 62.89% of total use in Austria, with the rest being produced by and power plants.
Children in Austria, near Austria's population was estimated to be nearly 9 million (8.83) in 2018 by the. The population of the capital, exceeds 1.8 million (2.6 million, including the suburbs), representing about a quarter of the country's population. It is known for its cultural offerings and high standard of living. Vienna is by far the country's largest city.
Is second in size, with 265,778 inhabitants, followed by (191,501), (145,871), and (122,458). All other cities have fewer than 100,000 inhabitants.
According to, in 2010 there were 1.27 million foreign-born residents in Austria, corresponding to 15.2% of the total population. Of these, 764,000 (9.1%) were born outside the EU and 512,000 (6.1%) were born in another EU Member State. Statistik Austria estimated in 2011 that 81% or 6.75 million residents had no migration background and more than 19% or 1.6 million inhabitants had at least one or more parents of migration background. There are more than 415,000 descendants of foreign-born immigrants residing in Austria, the great majority of whom have been naturalised. 185,592 (including a minority of Turkish ) make up the second biggest single ethnic minority in Austria after (2.5%), representing 2.2% of the total population.
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13,000 Turks were naturalised in 2003 and an unknown number have arrived in Austria at the same time. While 2,000 Turks left Austria in the same year, 10,000 immigrated to the country, confirming a strong trend of growth.
Together, and make up about 5.1% of Austria's total population. The (TFR) in 2013 was estimated at 1.42 children born per woman, which is lower than the replacement rate of 2.1. In 2015, 42.1% of births were to unmarried women. The in 2016 was estimated at 81.5 years (78.9 years male, 84.3 years female). Foreign-born population – top 15 countries. Main article: is Austria's official language and used in education, publications, announcements and websites.
It is mostly identical to the German used in Germany but with some vocabulary differences. The German language is standardised between countries of German mother tongue, i.e., Germany, Austria, Switzerland and Liechtenstein, as well as those with significant German speaking minorities: Italy, Belgium and Denmark. (The German dialect speaking population in Alsace-Lorraine in France has no minority rights.) Many local dialects are spoken in Austria, and though their base is Austrian German, their corresponding speakers have certain degrees of difficulty when trying to understand each other. According to the 2001 census, Austrian German is spoken natively by 88.6% of the population (including the 2.5% German citizens who reside in Austria) — followed by Turkish (2.28%), Serbian (2.21%), Croatian (1.63%), English (0.73%), Hungarian (0.51%), Bosnian (0.43%), Polish (0.35%), Albanian (0.35%), Slovenian (0.31%), Czech (0.22%), Arabic (0.22%), Romanian (0.21%), etc. The national and regional standard varieties of the German language The Austrian federal states of and are home to a significant indigenous while in the easternmost state, (formerly part of the Hungarian portion of ), there are significant - and -speaking minorities. Of the remaining number of Austria's people that are of non-Austrian descent, many come from surrounding countries, especially from the former nations.
(Gastarbeiter) and their descendants, as well as refugees from the and other conflicts, also form an important in Austria. Since 1994 the – (gypsies) have been an officially recognised ethnic minority in Austria. According to census information published by for 2001 there were a total of 710,926 foreign nationals living in Austria. Of these, the largest by far are 283,334 foreign nationals from the (of whom 135,336 speak Serbian; 105,487 Croatian; 31,591 Bosnian – i.e.
272,414 Austrian resident native speakers in total, plus 6,902 Slovenian and 4,018 speakers). The second largest population of linguistic and ethnic groups are the (including minority of ) with a number of 200,000 to 300,000 who currently live in Austria. The Turks and the Kurds are the largest single immigrant group in Austria, closely followed by the. The next largest population of linguistic and ethnic groups are the 124,392 who speak German as their even though they hail from outside of Austria (mainly immigrants from Germany, some from Switzerland, in Italy, or the ); 123,417 English; 24,446 Albanian; 17,899 Polish; 14,699 Hungarian; 12,216 Romanian; 10,000 Malayali; 7,982 Arabic; 6,891 Slovak; 6,707 Czech; 5,916 Persian; 5,677 Italian; 5,466 Russian; 5,213 French; 4,938 Chinese; 4,264 Spanish; 3,503 Bulgarian. The numbers for other languages fall off sharply below 3,000. In 2006, some of the Austrian states introduced standardised tests for new citizens, to assure their language ability, cultural knowledge and accordingly their ability to integrate into the Austrian society. For the national rules, see.
Ethnic groups. Or other (25.4%) In 2001, about 74% of Austria's population were registered as Roman Catholic, while about 5% considered themselves. Austrian Christians, both Catholic and Protestant, are obliged to pay a mandatory membership fee (calculated by income—about 1%) to their church; this payment is called 'Kirchenbeitrag' ('Ecclesiastical/Church contribution'). Since the second half of the 20th century, the number of adherents and churchgoers has declined. Data for 2017 from the Austrian Roman Catholic Church list 5,112,330 members, or 57.9% of the total Austrian population.
Sunday was 605,828 or 7% of the total Austrian population in 2015. The Lutheran church also recorded a loss of 74,421 adherents between 2001 and 2016. The 2001 census report indicated that about 12% of the population declared that they have; according to ecclesiastical information this share had grown to 20% by 2015. Of the remaining people, around 340,000 were registered as members of various Muslim communities in 2001, mainly due to the influx from,. The number of Muslims has doubled in 15 years to 700,000 in 2016.
About 180,000 are members of (mostly ), about 21,000 people are active and about 8,100 are. The campus of the As at primary school, lessons at Gymnasium begin at 8 am and continue with short intervals until lunchtime or early afternoon, with children returning home to a late lunch. Older pupils often attend further lessons after a break for lunch, generally eaten at school. As at primary level, all pupils follow the same plan of work. Great emphasis is placed on homework and frequent testing. Satisfactory marks in the end-of-the-year report ('Zeugnis') are a prerequisite for moving up ('aufsteigen') to the next class. Pupils who do not meet the required standard re-sit their tests at the end of the summer holidays; those whose marks are still not satisfactory are required to re-sit the year ('sitzenbleiben').
It is not uncommon for a pupil to re-sit more than one year of school. After completing the first two years, pupils choose between one of two strands, known as 'Gymnasium' (slightly more emphasis on arts) or 'Realgymnasium' (slightly more emphasis on science). Whilst many schools offer both strands, some do not, and as a result, some children move schools for a second time at age 12. At age 14, pupils may choose to remain in one of these two strands, or to change to a vocational course, possibly with a further change of school. The Austrian university system had been open to any student who passed the examination until recently.
A 2006 bill allowed the introduction of entrance exams for studies such as Medicine. In 2001, an obligatory tuition fee (' Studienbeitrag') of €363.36 per term was introduced for all public universities. There are some non-state exceptions to this, where students can still study for a subsidized education, for example within the campus system of the.
Since 2008, for all EU students the studies have been free of charge, as long as a certain time-limit is not exceeded (the expected duration of the study plus usually two terms tolerance). When the time-limit is exceeded, the fee of around €363.36 per term is charged. Some further exceptions to the fee apply, e.g. For students with a year's salary of more than about €5000. In all cases, an obligatory fee of €17 is charged for the student union and insurance. (1756–1791) Austria's past as a European power and its cultural environment generated a broad contribution to various forms of art, most notably among them music. Austria was the birthplace of many such as, and as well as members of the such as,.
Was born in, then an independent Church Principality of the, which later became part of Austria, and much of Mozart's career was spent in Vienna. Vienna was for a long time an important centre of musical innovation. 18th- and 19th-century composers were drawn to the city due to the patronage of the Habsburgs, and made Vienna the European capital of classical music. During the, Slavic and Hungarian folk forms influenced Austrian music. Was an Austrian pioneer of filmmaking., and originally came from Austria before establishing themselves as internationally relevant movie makers., or enriched the popular cinema in German language speaking countries. Became internationally known for his disturbing cinematic studies, before receiving a for his critically acclaimed film in 2010.
The first Austrian film director to receive an was. A number of Austrian actors were able to pursue a career, the impact of which was sensed beyond national borders. Among them were,. And became American as well as international movie stars. The latter also became the 38th Governor of California. Rose to international fame with his performance in, earning the at in 2009, and the in 2010 and finally two Oscars.
Was a master of spectacular and astute theatre productions. Not only excelled as a stage actor, but also as an opera director.
Science and philosophy. Hosted the and, as well as the, the first in history Due to the mountainous terrain, is a prominent sport in Austria and is extremely valuable in the promotion and economic growth of the country. Similar sports such as or are also widely popular. Austrian athletes such as, & are widely regarded as some of the greatest alpine skiers of all time, & as some of the greatest ski jumpers of all time., and are also popular events with a permanent track located in, which hosted bobsleigh and luge competitions for the and held in. The in 2012 were held in Innsbruck as well.
Brook-Shepherd, Gordon (1998). The Austrians: a thousand-year odyssey. New York: Carroll & Graf Publishers, Inc. Jelavich, Barbara (1987).
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Modern Austria: empire and republic 1815–1986. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Johnson, Lonnie (1989). Introducing Austria: a short history. Riverside, Calif.: Ariadne Press. Rathkolb, Oliver.
The Paradoxical Republic: Austria, 1945–2005 (Berghahn Books; 2010, 301 pages). Translation of 2005 study of paradoxical aspects of Austria's political culture and society. Schulze, Hagen (1996). States, nations, and nationalism: from the Middle Ages to the present.
Cambridge, Massachusetts: Blackwell. External links. Find more about Austriaat Wikipedia's. from Wiktionary.
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Government. official government portal. (in German, English). Information on Austrian Law Trade. Travel. Official homepage of the Austrian National Tourist Office.
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Website on Austrian culture, cuisine and tourist attractions.
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